![]() The current state-of-the-art wearable systems provide certain cardiovascular health parameters such as heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), interbeat interval (IBI) with enhanced accuracy leveraged in smartwatches, smartrings, and electronic patches for health and fitness tracking purposes. These advancements revealed new opportunities to continuously and non-invasively monitor the operation of vital systems in the human body. Recent developments in integrated circuits and systems technology, mainly from the past decade, boosted wearable biomedical applications, and revealed unique seamless approaches that are sensitive to human physiological signals. Conclusions: The results show that bioimpedance can be effectively used to monitor cardiac and respiratory activities both at limbs and upper body and demonstrate a strong potential to be adopted by wearables that aim to provide high-fidelity physiological sensing to address precision medicine needs. Results: Overall, we achieve mean errors as low as 0.003 ± 0.002 and 0.67 ± 0.28 seconds for IBI and IBrI estimations, respectively. Methods: We assess the bioimpedance performance in estimating inter-beat (IBI) and inter -breath intervals (IBrI) on six-hours of data acquired in a pilot-study from five healthy participants at rest. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the modality at different arterial (ulnar, radial, tibial, and carotid arteries) and thoracic (side-rib cage and top thoracolumbar fascia) body regions and offers insights into the effectiveness of capturing various cardiac and respiratory activities. Objective: Bioimpedance sensing is a powerful technique that measures the tissue impedance and captures important physiological parameters including blood flow, lung movements, muscle contractions, body fluid shifts, and other cardiovascular parameters.
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